Analysis of selected passages from Othello by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Analysis of selected passages from Othello by William Shakespeare Essay When William Shakespeare made use of the stylist devices he thus tried to paint a multi-dimensional image of his perceptions that he extended in his characters till the limits of reality and belief. And to design variety in this frame of multi-dimensionality Shakespeare not only expressed through the words in the lines which the characters uttered rather the formation of the words and the lines also revealed certain patterns that could be decoded to detect even more subtle reasons and justification behind those expressions. Such flow and expertise of expressing the conceptions cannot be taught easily through the science of writing rather it required the unschooled instinctive ability like Shakespeare’s to play with the words with a unique skill of potency that can metamorphosed the words to survive as the animated version of Shakespeare’s intellect and vision even after being uttered by the characters in the play. In the following excerpts from the play ‘Othello’, there is a variety of Shakespeare’s usage of stylistic devices to arrange words in order to express the difference of thoughts, moods, intensions and beliefs of the protagonist (Othello) and also how the use of such words in a specific style cater in constructing the plot and developing the characters. Theres magic in the web of it. A sybil that had numbered in the world The sun to course two hundred compasses, In her prophetic fury sewed the work; the worms were hallowed that did break the silk, And it was dyed in mummy which the skillful Conserved the maidens hearts. These lines are from the IV scene of the Third Act of the play, and they are uttered on the grounds of misunderstanding that is set by Iago in the mind of Othello. If we observe closely these lines summarize the truth that Othello is ignorant about and the words reveal the irony that Othello has become a victim of. The use of the words like â€Å"magic† and â€Å"web† are justifiable elements of the speech of a contaminated brain and the word â€Å"magic† can be the symbol of Iago’s spell of poisoning Othello’s mind with suspicion and â€Å"web† can be the symbol for the perplexed state of Othello’s mind, which lost the ability to think and trust his own reasons. And the two hundred years old â€Å"sibyl† can be a metaphor for the evil master minded Iago, whose â€Å"prophetic fury† fabricated the whole chaos to take his revenge. The â€Å"silk† can be speculated as a metaphor for the love of Desdemona that came out of her â€Å"hallowed† trust and faith. And the word â€Å"dyed† can be taken as a pun (when analyzing these lines from symbolic references), as the faithful and sacred love of Desdemona ‘dyed’ or â€Å"died† within her â€Å"maiden heart†. The worth and value purposely exaggerated by Othello is a fine example of hyperbolic fantasies that Shakespeare is capable of designing. And thus the handkerchief becomes the symbol of the thin threaded relationship of Othello and Desdemona that was based on superficial beliefs and yet sought the possibility of sustenance of their love. It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul, Let me no name it to you, you chaste stars It is the cause, Yet Ill not shed her blood, Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster, The above mentioned lines are from the Act V Scene II and anaphoric beginning of this passage is Othello’s expression for his exalted emotional dichotomy of disbelief and love for Desdemona. The repetition of the phrase â€Å"it is the cause† are the words that come out of Othello’s weeping brain that has been so badly eclipsed by the poisoning suspicion injected by Iago that it had totally become impotent of thinking on its own. As these lines are uttered during the climax of the play thus it is quite typical of Shakespeare that he lends his protagonist with an ample energy to utter dramatic and highly emotional phrases which let them have catharsis. The desperate utterance of â€Å"my soul† by Othello shows that perhaps the only salvage left for his consolation is to confide in to his soul. Or â€Å"my soul† can also be taken as Othello’s address to Desdemona as it can be observed that Othello still loves her in these lines. And from the ironic aspect the first line also conveys the meaning that it is the â€Å"soul† of Othello that can be taken as the â€Å"cause† of the whole tragedy, because if Othello had really loved Desdemona from his soul he would have had a complete trust in her love and honesty but since he believed more what he listened to and less what was known to him thus he became the victim of suspicion that proved fatal for him and his love. In the proceeding line the address to the â€Å"stars† is made by Othello to mock at Desdemona’s infidelity. â€Å"Stars† have been used as a metaphor for their heavenly status for chastity. It can also be a reference to the Greek tradition of naming the stars by the names of their gods and goddesses. Thus as Othello has completely lost his trust in his wife thus he consider her reference to be an insult for the stars. These lines depict the imbalance of Othello’s power to reason and think and express in coherence with his flow of emotions. In the later lines he reveals his intension to kill Desdemona, but unlike his valiance as a general, he prefers to strangle her because her physical beauty still absorbs his feelings in love and compassion for her. And being a black man himself he admired her fair skin and he refers to her with two different categories of symbols. The use of â€Å"snow† as a simile conveys the softness and coldness of her fair physique which Othello never wanted to distort by killing with a weapon and the metaphor of â€Å"monumental alabaster† can be referred to the stiff and lifeless beauty of Desdemona that laid with no worth for Othello anymore. I have seen the day That with this little arm and this good sword I have made my way through more impediments Than twenty times your stop. But O vain boast! Who can control his fate? Tis not so now. Be not afraid, though you do see me weaponed. Here is my journeys end, here is my butt, And very seamark of my utmost sail. These lines are uttered in the Act V Scene II which is almost the resolution of the play and it is one of Shakespeare’s special characteristics that his tragic heroes lose the intensity and the energy of their rhetoric in the last scenes of the play. It is because of the reason that Shakespeare develops his tragic heroes to attain the status of being larger than life and thus speech loses its value when the characters become paranormal. In the above lines the most important aspect that one can notice is the tone of submission and retreat which is conveyed by the choice and arrangement of words like â€Å"little arm† â€Å"But O vain Boast!† and â€Å"Who can control this fate?† by Othello who was a valiant and unbeatable general but in these lines appears to be the defeated and subjugated one in the hands of fate. These lines though do not consist of any special rhyme scheme that would help in bringing an effective poetic impact whilst delivering these lines on the stage but the second line does show some signs of alliteration as the words â€Å"made my way through more impediments† as well as in the third line where the words â€Å"twenty times† are stressed and can be delivered with some high pitched voice by the character. But after these lines the tone changes as the desperation and despondency appear in the words. The last three lines are symbolically referred by Othello to his death. And despite he is â€Å"weaponed† yet he is incapable to fight as he desires death due to his lamenting guilt and in vain repentance. In the last line the use of the metaphor â€Å"seamark† is an appropriate expression for Othello’s choice of vocabulary as it adequately represents his experiences and knowledge as a sailor and warrior.

Vehicle Fleet Management Plan

Vehicle Fleet Management Plan 1.0 VEHICLE MANAGEMENT POLICY AND PROCEDURES 1.01 Policy: In order to reduce the cost and risk of operating and managing a motor vehicle fleet, Citibank Trinidad and Tobago Ltd will establish a comprehensive group of procedures governing the control, utilization, and maintenance of Business owned vehicles. 1.02 Scope: These policy and procedures specify the requirements for utilization, operation, and maintenance of all Citibank controlled motor vehicles. This includes vehicles owned or leased by the Business, rental vehicles, and personally owned vehicles used on Citibank business. 2.0 VEHICLE FLEET MANAGEMENT PLAN 2.01 Administrative Responsibility: In accordance with this policy, Citibank has delegated the administration of the motor vehicle fleet to the Building Superintendents. The Building Superintendent has the administrative responsibility of requesting the purchase, replacement, maintenance, control, and assignment of all Citibank vehicles. The Building Superintendents will act as the point of contact with the GSU Department and will be responsible for observing and enforcing the fleet management policies and procedures at Citibank. 2.02 Staff /Vendor Responsibility: All employees/couriers who utilize Citibank owned vehicles, vehicles rented/leased to Citibank or who use their personal vehicles on Official Citibank business and are reimbursed for mileage shall adhere to the Vehicle Fleet Management Policy and Procedures as written. 3.0 DEFINITIONS: For the purposes of this policy, the following definitions shall apply. 3.01 Employee: Anyone appointed to work for Citibank/Marketspace in a manner that causes their name to appear on the payroll as a full or part time employee; and they are routinely scheduled to work more than thirty (30) hours a week. 3.02 Course and Scope of Employment: An employee is within the course and scope of employment when he or she is engaged in activities that are related to the mission of Citibank and are in the furtherance of its affairs or business, whether on the Citibanks premises or elsewhere. 3.03 Activities: Citibank related activities are those activities that are consistent with Citibanks mission and that are approved by the appropriate administrative department. 3.04 Motor Vehicle: A motor vehicle is defined as a vehicle that is licensed and legal to operate on the roadways. This includes Citibank fleet vehicles and any vehicles rented or leased by the business for Citibank related activities. 3.05 Highway: The entire width between property lines of any road, street, way, thoroughfare, or bridge in this country not privately owned or controlled, when any part thereof is open to the public for vehicular traffic, and over which the State has legislative jurisdiction and police power. 3.06Vehicle Inspection Form: A form that is used by the Fleet Managers designee to evaluate and record the condition of each vehicle on a routine basis 3.07 Operate: To be in actual physical control of a motor vehicle upon any highway. 3.08 Minor motor vehicle accident: Repair cost- TTD$0.00 $6,000.00 3.09 Major motor vehicle accident: Repair cost TTD$6,000.01 and above. 3.10 The Vendor/Courier: Marketspace Limited Courier Services contracted by the bank 4.0 TRAVEL USING CITIBANK OWNED VEHICLES 4.01 Appropriate Use: Vehicles should be used only by persons who are acting within the course and scope of Citi related activities or employment. 4.02 Eligible Drivers: In addition to meeting all other criteria in this policy, only those persons whose names appear on Marketspaces designee sheet and are regularly scheduled to work more that Thirty (30) hours a week or any Citi Employee given such authorization should be asked or allowed to use Citibank owned motor vehicles. 4.03 Secondary Drivers: Trips of long duration may require a secondary driver to assist the designated driver. A secondary driver must have their travel appropriately authorized prior departing the premises. 4.04 Passengers: A. Family members: Unless a family member is also an employee or participation of such a person is approved as part of a sanctioned event of this institution; each Marketspace/Citibank Employee who operates a Citibank-owned vehicle should be made aware that there is no liability coverage for members of any employee drivers immediate family who are passengers in Citibank-owned vehicles. B. Hitchhikers: Hitchhikers are not allowed to ride in any fleet vehicle. 5.0 TRAVEL USING PERSONAL VEHICLES 5.01 Notice of Potential for Personal Liability: Citibank recognizes that employees occasionally use personal vehicles while engaged in Citibank-related activities. Because personal automobile insurance will be looked to first in the event of an accident, all persons who use their vehicles while conducting Citibank business should be made aware of the possibility of personal liability related to such use. The Bank does provide limited secondary liability coverage for damages arising from use of a personal vehicle; however, members of the drivers family and other employee are excluded from coverage under that policy. 5.02 Reimbursement for Costs of Using Personal Vehicles: Mileage costs related to any significant use of personal vehicles to conduct Citibank-related business may be reimbursed to employees upon approval of department head. 5.03 Use of Personal Vehicles Not Required: No individual shall be mandated to use his or her vehicle to perform Citibank-related activities. 6.0 TRAVEL USING RENTAL VEHICLES 6.01 Travel Authorization: Rentals are only for employees whose travel is â€Å"authorized† by Citi. Authorization requires written approval from the head of the traveling employees department and the CCO/SCOO. 6.03 Use of Travel Agent: Rentals under the Bank-negotiated contracts or using local funds should be arranged through an Approved Vendor 7.0 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION 7.01 Driver Requirements: All Marketspace/Citibank employees who may be called upon to drive a Citibank vehicle shall have a Valid Drivers Permit as required by law. The records will be obtained and maintained by the GSU Department assisted by the Building Superintendents. An acceptable rating to for any person to operate a Citibank vehicle shall be no more then three (3) minor motor vehicle accidents (not at fault) or one minor at-fault motor vehicle accident per year. Any more than one (1) major at-fault motor vehicle accident every Two (2) years would result in the Driver being suspended if it is a Marketspace employee or all motor vehicle access privileges revoked if a Citi Employee. An employee with a rating of more than the specified amount must attend a defensive driver training class and would also stand the cost of any repairs to any further motor vehicle accidents. It would be the responsibility of the Marketspace/Citibank employee to schedule required remedial training on his or her own time and bear the cost of this training. ` Other violations Type A Violations Driving while intoxicated (alcohol or drugs). Homicide arising out of the use of a motor vehicle. Operating a motor vehicle during a period of suspension or revocation of an operators license. Using a motor vehicle for the commission of a felony. Aggravated assault with a motor vehicle. Operating a motor vehicle without the owners permission (stolen vehicle). Permitting an un-licensed person to drive. Reckless driving. Hit and run involving bodily injury and/or physical damage. Type B Violations All moving violations not listed as Type A violations. 7.02 MVR Review Schedule: A motor vehicle record (MVR) shall be obtained on all employees whose job duties would include driving a Citibank owned, rented, or personal vehicle while on Citibank business. The MVR shall be reviewed and updated regularly based on the following schedule: Prior to employment: The Human Resources Department will ensure that prospective employees requiring an MVR submit copies of drivers license and if applicable copies of all defensive driving records. All copies of the records would be sent to the GSU Department for maintenance. For all Marketspace employees, GSU would maintain all records and files with the assistance of the Building Superintendent. Annually: The driving records of all Marketspace/Citi employees who are required to drive will be reviewed annually by the GSU Department. The employees department head and the Building Superintendents will be notified of any change in the drivers status. Upon notification of an accident or citation: If a Citibank/Marketspace employee has been involved in a motor vehicle accident or receives a traffic citation while operating a Citibank Vehicle, it is the employees responsibility to notify the GSU Department and their supervisor/manager of the change in their driver status. Failure to make such notification in a timely manner could result in a revocation of driving privileges, and /or disciplinary action. Upon notification of suspension, revocation or expiration of the operators license: Driving privileges are automatically suspended when a Marketspace or Citibank employee valid drivers license has been suspended, revoked, or expired. It is mandatory that the employee inform their supervisor/ manager when such a suspension, revocation, or expiration occurs. Individuals who do not have a valid drivers license are forbidden from operating any Bank-owned or rented vehicles. They are also banned from driving personal vehicles on Citibank business while collecting for mileage. 7.03 MVR Administrative Responsibility: The Building Superintendents shall maintain a list of all regular drivers. Information gathered as part of this program shall be confidential. Assignment of additional driver training will be the responsibility of the GSU Head. A courier may be required to bear the expense and time of any remedial training assigned due to a poor rating. Driver training can include, but is not limited, to: Defensive driving classes One-day seminars on driving improvement Driver training videos on needed specific driving skills. 8.0 VEHICLE OPERATIONS 8.01 Vehicle Reservations: A vehicle may be requested by completing a Vehicle Request Form (including authorizing signature) or by having the authorizing agent E-Mail a request. A separate form is required for each vehicle or trip requested. The request for vehicle reservations should be made at least forty eight (48) hours in advance if possible. Vehicles are generally available on a first come, first serve basis but should a conflict arise the Administration will determine vehicle availability and make the assignment. 8.02 Vehicle Pick-up/Drop-off: A reserved vehicle may be picked up or dropped off by the authorized driver at the Banks basement car park under the supervision of security. 8.03 Citibank Fleet Management Obligations: Citibank will provide vehicles that are in safe and good driving condition. Building Superintendent will be responsible monitoring the care and maintenance of vehicles; keeping up with items such as inspections, manufacture recalls and general preventive maintenance of the vehicles. The Building Superintendent will provide the GSU Department with all required information on the maintenance and utilization of the fleet. It will also be the responsibility of the Building Superintendent to assure that the vehicles to be used by people having reservations are clean and have been serviced appropriately for their trip. The Building Superintendent in conjunction with the GSU Department will use information gathered from the fleet management program to determine appropriate repair and replacement schedules for the Banks vehicles. 8.04 Driver Obligations: The following conditions apply to all drivers who use Citibank vehicles. Drivers should read these obligations carefully before operating a Citibank vehicle. Caution: The driver of the vehicle has ultimate responsibility for seeking and possessing information about driving safety and applicable laws. Citibank will not be responsible for any traffic citations resulting from the actions of the driver. The driver must: Have a valid Trinidad Tobago drivers license, appropriate for the weight and class vehicle that they are operating. Have a current courier/vehicle operator file with the GSU Dept. Notify their supervisor and GSU Department of any change in his or her license status. This includes notification of moving violations and/or traffic accidents. Complete a Vehicle Use Report and maintain a detailed record of expenses such as fueling or emergency mechanical work. Wear seat belts when driving or occupying a Citibank vehicle. Assume responsibility for any and all fines or traffic violations associated with your use of a Citibank vehicle. Never drive while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. This includes â€Å"over the counter† or prescription medication that may effect the drivers ability. Never transport passengers such as hitchhikers, family members, or friends for unauthorized use. Turn the vehicle ignition off, remove the keys, and lock the vehicle when you leave it unattended. Never drive the vehicle at speeds that are inappropriate for the road conditions. Report all accidents to the Building Superintendent and to the police department in the jurisdiction where the accident occurred. Not allow smoking in the vehicle. Not eat, drink, or operate any equipment that may distract or interfere with the safe operation of the vehicle. Not use radar/laser detection devices or wear headphones/earphones while operating the vehicle. Exercise caution when using cellular phones. Refer to Section 8.05 below. Observe traffic laws at all times. Drive courteously and defensively. Return the vehicle free of litter, noting any problems with the vehicle on the Vehicle Use Report. 8.05 Cell Phone Use: As a general rule, the use of Business-owned and personal cellular phones while operating a moving vehicle has restrictions/guidelines for use due to the distraction and lack of concentration presented to safe driving performance. As a driver, your first responsibility is to pay attention to the road. Conversations should be kept to an absolute minimum. Do not read, look up an address, lookup phone numbers, or attempt to write or take notes while driving. Place your cellular phone in your vehicle where it is easily accessible without removing your eyes from the road. When possible, plan your calls before you begin your trip, or call when your vehicle is stopped at a stop sign or red light. Attempt to dial and place all calls when you are not moving or have a passenger use the phone. Learn and use the pre-programmed number dial features of your phone. Practice using this feature for commonly dialed numbers before driving so you are familiar with the procedures. If you absolutely need to dial while driving, assess the traffic and dial only a few numbers at a time. If your phone rings when you are driving especially during hazardous road and/or heavy traffic conditions let your cellular voice mail service take the call and listen to the message later when you are parked, or pull over before answering, if traffic conditions permit. Let the person you are speaking to know you are driving and that the call may need to be suspended at any time. Suspend conversations during hazardous driving conditions or situations. Do not engage in stressful or emotional conversations while driving. A stressful or emotional phone conversation while driving is distracting and potentially dangerous. If necessary, suspend the phone conversation. Use your cellular phone to call for help or to help others in emergencies. However, do not place yourself or others in danger while doing so. If you see an auto accident, crime in progress, or other serious emergency where lives are in danger, call the relevant emergency service/s and give the exact location and information to them, 8.06 Reporting of Accidents or Damage: The driver is responsible for the immediate reporting of any accidents or damage incurred while operating a Citibank vehicle. An incident should be first reported to the nearest police station having jurisdiction. Notify the GSU Department and the supervisor as soon as practicable after any accident or incident resulting in injury or damage to the vehicle. When you have an accident, you must: Get immediate medical attention if you or your passengers are injured. Keep calm and avoid arguments over blame. Make no statements concerning guilt or fault. Never agree to make payments for the accident. Notify the police; a police report may be necessary for some insurance claims. Discuss the accident only with police officers, the Banks insurance claims adjuster, or a GSU officer. Record as much information as you can on all other parties to the accident. This information may include names of individuals involved, drivers license number, addresses, vehicle make, model and year, witness names and telephone numbers. Dont forget to get the name of the city in which the accident occurred and the name of the investigating officer. Fill out a Vehicle Accident Report and forward it to the GSU Officer as soon as possible. Use the insurance carrier provided form in your vehicle to record information concerning the accident. This form has information about our carrier, tips on gathering information at the accident scene and a space for writing down the important information. 9.0 FLEET SIZE AND MAINTENANCE 9.01 Vehicle Disposal: Once the decision to dispose of the vehicle has been made, the vehicle should be sold as soon as practical. The longer it sits the more it will depreciate. 9.02 Vehicle Replacement Schedule: Consideration should be given to age of the vehicle, mileage, and the cost of maintenance. 9.03 Vehicle Acquisition: In order to make best use of the vehicles in the fleet and minimize overall fleet cost, the purchase of a new vehicle should be made only after careful consideration. Some of the factors involved in the decision to purchase should be as follows: Is this a replacement of an existing vehicle? If so, could repairs be made that would be more economical than a purchase? Could a utility vehicle be used in lieu of a motor vehicle? Is the purchase related to a documented need resulting from program growth? Is the vehicle essential to the mission of Citibank? Can the need be documented? 9.04 New Vehicle Delivery: All new vehicles will be inspected by the Fleet Manager or his designee upon delivery. Particular attention will be paid to any damage that might have occurred during shipment. All warranty papers and owner/operator documents will be listed and reviewed prior to accepting delivery. GSU will be notified and provided with all of the required information concerning the addition, as soon as possible, after the Bank accepts a new vehicle into the fleet. The new vehicle will be added to the preventive maintenance schedule for the care of the vehicle. 9.05 Titles and Registration: All original vehicle titles and registration receipts will be acquired and maintained by the GSU Designee. 9.06 Warrantees, Recalls and Inspections: The Fleet Manager or his designee shall be responsible for the review and appropriate response to all factory recall issues. All warranty information and inspection dates will be entered in the Maintenance Schedule reminders will be created to remind the staff of upcoming inspections or service requirements. Also inspections would be done by the Building Superintendents using the Weekly Vehicle Checklist and daily by Marketspace couriers using the daily checklist. 9.07 Preventive Maintenance: Each vehicle in the fleet shall have a Preventive Maintenance (PM) plan for regularly scheduled maintenance. This plan shall be based on manufacturer recommendations for the vehicle model, type of use the vehicle typically encounters and Citibanks previous experience in maintaining similar vehicles. Items such as tires, brakes, lubrication / fluids and spark plugs should be placed on a regular maintenance interval. The Building Superintendent will review the PM program annually to determine if the task and frequencies are adequate and if the results indicate the PM program is helpful in maintaining the vehicles and reducing operating cost. 9.08 Fuel Selection: All of the vehicles in the Citibank fleet are designed to operate on â€Å"premium unleaded gasoline†. Unless labeled otherwise, only premium unleaded gasoline should be used when fueling. 9.09 Fuel and Service Credit Cards: Citibank provides commercial fleet fueling at Richmond Street Center, to authorized drivers on an as need basis. It is not permissible for Citibank fueling to be used for any service other than those associated with the operation of Citi owned vehicles on Citibank business.

Birth Control Through the Times Essay -- Contraceptives, Birth Control

The idea of men and women having control of their familial future is nothing new. In fact, the use of contraception dates back to ancient Egyptian times. Despite the controversy that often surrounds the use of birth control, history shows that the need for pregnancy prevention existed even before most modern religions were established. This paper will cover the colorful history of what we now know as birth control, through the centuries and up to modern times. Hopefully, this can give the audience a good idea about how necessary this concept is, and to look at the idea of controlling your destiny with objectivity. Beginning in ancient times, people saw a need to control the amount of children that they may have. One civilization in particular, the ancient Egyptians, had novel approaches to birth control. Drawings found from the time, around 3000 B.C., depicted men wearing condom like devices. This civilization also had what is called a pessary, which is an object or mixture that is inserted into the vagina to block or kill sperm. Some of their mixtures may have included pebbles, crocodile dung, or even rock salt. The Egyptians also used sea sponges drenched in lemon juice; much like a woman today might use a sponge with a spermicidal. The Egyptians weren’t the only ancient civilization to utilize birth control methods; the ancient Greeks used a method of post coital birth control. This method was employed when the couple was done with sexual intercourse, and the woman was to squat and apply pressure to the abdomen to rid the vagina of semen. Yet another approach from within the same ti me period was that of Aristotle, who recommended that women â€Å"anoint that part of the womb in which the seed falls† with olive oil, cedar oil, or f... ...e or not to have children. This is a pattern that will no doubt persist in the future as long as laws allow it. With that said, hopefully some insight can be gained by learning about the history of birth control, and perhaps it can demystify this taboo that no one wants to talk about. Works Cited Clemmitt, Maricia. "Controversies of Women's Access to Birth Control." Women's Health 2006. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 18 Feb. 2012 Cornblatt, Johanna. "The History of Birth Control." Newsweek - National News, World News, Business, Health, Technology, Entertainment, and More - Newsweek. Newsweek, 2009. Web. 18 Feb. 2012. "Religious Views on Birth Control." Wikipedia. Web. 18 Apr. 2011. http://www.wikipedia.org. Stacey, Dawn. â€Å"What Do Religions Say About Birth Control and Family Planning?† About.Com 2011. www.about.com. Web. 5 March. 2012.

civics- the constitution :: essays research papers

PART ONE- the definitions are done on the notebook along with the matching and multiple choice. SHORT ANSWER 2. A. A democracy is a form of government where the people govern themselves. A republic is a form of government where the people elect officials to make their decisions for them. A democratic republic is a form of government where the people elect officials to represent them in the affairs of the government. B. The united states government is a democratic republic. 3. A. Abraham Lincoln was describing the fact that without the consent of the people there would be no government. B. Lincoln was referring to the constitution. 4. 1. Being well informed of what our government is doing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Voting in all elections   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.writing letters to our representatives expressing our views and opinions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. By lobbying when and if it is an option.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. Taking legal action against a law that we may feel is unconstitutional   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. By signing petitions in support of or against some actions taken by elected officials. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. There was no central power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. There was no executive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. There was no judicial system 6.exclusive federal power are those powers belonging only to the federal government. Concurrent powers are those belonging to both the state and federal governments. Denied powers are those powers that are forbidden from any government. 7. The problem was solves by dividing the powers of government. 8. Ratifying the constitution meant that nine of the thirteen states had to accept it. 9. One opposing side was called the federalists. The other opposing side was called the anti-federalists. PART TWO definitions 1. Preamble- the introduction to the constitution 2. Union- the bringing together of two or more groups to form one. 3. Welfare- the general well-being of a people 4. Posterity- those that come after us. 5. Register- to sign you name among those qualified for voting. 6. Congressional district- the section of state that is represented by one member of the house. 7. Census- the counting of people of any given area 8. Caucus- the meeting of leaders of a political party held for some special purpose 9. Impeachment- the act of accusing a political figure of some wrong doing. 10. Quorum- The amount of members of a group required to be present to complete their business. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. A SHORT ANSWER 1. The constitution was written in it’s final form by Gouverneur Morris. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. In order to form a more perfect union- I think this means in order to bring the people of our nation closer together and to make the government more stable and smoother running.

Richard Wilbur Essay -- Biography

â€Å"It is true that the poet does not directly address his neighbors; but he does address a great congress of persons who dwell at the back of his mind, a congress of all those who have taught him and whom he has admired; that constitute his ideal audience and his better self† (â€Å"Richard Wilbur†, National Book Foundation). Richard Wilbur spoke this famous quote at his National Book Award speech in 1957. Many of the events in Wilbur’s life transitioned to his acceptance of this award, but he did not know what direction his life was going in at the time. From the events in his early childhood learning how to write from his maternal grandfather and great-grandfather, to his later becoming a World War II veteran and getting a degree from Harvard University, and everything in-between, Richard Wilbur spent the rest of his life creating a breathtaking assortment of poems which largely connected to his early life. Richard Wilbur’s birth and early life led to his first spark of interest in writing at a young age when he met his grandfather and great-grandfather. He was born on March 1st, 1921 in New York City, New York (Haralson 759). Richard lived in North Caldwell, New Jersey for the rest of his pastoral childhood with his middle-class family (Gioia). They resided on a large property and they did not have many neighbors (Gioia). He enjoyed wandering off to random places on the property with his brothers, and he enjoyed the nature, which inspired some of his later poetry (Gioia).Wilbur’s maternal grandfather and his great-grandfather were both editors and Wilbur began to acquire a love for journalism stronger than his love for painting like his father (â€Å"Richard Wilbur†, Poetry Foundation). He enjoyed the company of his grandfather and gre... ...people think more about the life in which they live everyday. His poems connected to his life, e.g. the poems about nature in The Beautiful Changes connected to his life on a large property and its connections to his time on the battlefield. Wilbur closed out his National Book Award acceptance speech by saying: â€Å"Writing poetry, then, is an unsocial way of manufacturing a thoroughly social product. Because he must shield his poetry in its creation, the poet, more than other writers, will write without recognition. And because his product is not in great demand, he is likely to look on honors and distinctions with the feigned indifference of the wallflower. Yet of course he is pleased when recognition comes; for what better proof is there that for some people poetry is still a useful and necessary thing -- like a shoe† (â€Å"Richard Wilbur†, National Book Foundation). Richard Wilbur Essay -- Biography â€Å"It is true that the poet does not directly address his neighbors; but he does address a great congress of persons who dwell at the back of his mind, a congress of all those who have taught him and whom he has admired; that constitute his ideal audience and his better self† (â€Å"Richard Wilbur†, National Book Foundation). Richard Wilbur spoke this famous quote at his National Book Award speech in 1957. Many of the events in Wilbur’s life transitioned to his acceptance of this award, but he did not know what direction his life was going in at the time. From the events in his early childhood learning how to write from his maternal grandfather and great-grandfather, to his later becoming a World War II veteran and getting a degree from Harvard University, and everything in-between, Richard Wilbur spent the rest of his life creating a breathtaking assortment of poems which largely connected to his early life. Richard Wilbur’s birth and early life led to his first spark of interest in writing at a young age when he met his grandfather and great-grandfather. He was born on March 1st, 1921 in New York City, New York (Haralson 759). Richard lived in North Caldwell, New Jersey for the rest of his pastoral childhood with his middle-class family (Gioia). They resided on a large property and they did not have many neighbors (Gioia). He enjoyed wandering off to random places on the property with his brothers, and he enjoyed the nature, which inspired some of his later poetry (Gioia).Wilbur’s maternal grandfather and his great-grandfather were both editors and Wilbur began to acquire a love for journalism stronger than his love for painting like his father (â€Å"Richard Wilbur†, Poetry Foundation). He enjoyed the company of his grandfather and gre... ...people think more about the life in which they live everyday. His poems connected to his life, e.g. the poems about nature in The Beautiful Changes connected to his life on a large property and its connections to his time on the battlefield. Wilbur closed out his National Book Award acceptance speech by saying: â€Å"Writing poetry, then, is an unsocial way of manufacturing a thoroughly social product. Because he must shield his poetry in its creation, the poet, more than other writers, will write without recognition. And because his product is not in great demand, he is likely to look on honors and distinctions with the feigned indifference of the wallflower. Yet of course he is pleased when recognition comes; for what better proof is there that for some people poetry is still a useful and necessary thing -- like a shoe† (â€Å"Richard Wilbur†, National Book Foundation).

Ideal family Essay

CHAPTER ONE THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The institution of family is a basic unit in the society, and the multi functions performed by it make it a much-needed institution in a society. Some of the important functions performed by the family include reproduction of new members and socializing them, and provision of emotional and physical care for older persons and young. Family in fact, is an institution which resolves or eases a large number of social problems. The term family had been defined by various sociologists and anthropologists. Peter Murdock, after studying over 250 multi-cultural societies defines family as a â€Å"social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. Interconnectedness of individuals in family relationships through bonds of affection and/or obligation leads to joint decision making, budget – pooling, cooperative work roles and noble parenting within a framework of culturally accepted notions about the division of rights and responsibilities by sex and generational position. There are two main family types introduced by the sociologists. One is the nuclear family, which consists of two elders and their children. It is often referred to as the â€Å"immediate family†. Extended family is the other type. It consists of an old system of family performances with the close connections of two or three generations of relations, such as grandparents, husbands of sisters and wives of brothers, aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews. According to Adoms, as families move from being extended to being more isolated, nuclear and privatized the relationship between wives and husbands tend to become more equal, with both partners working and sharing household tasks. Such a family is defined as â€Å"the symmetrical family†. From this, I have decided to research on IDEAL FAMILY to present what are the trends in having a family. Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this research is to present the plans of the students in having a family of their own along with its responsibilities. Specifically it aims to: Deciding the size of the family varies to its responsibilities. Creating a family corresponds to sacrifices in aspect of their careers. By looking forward – years from now – expect them to having a happy family they want to create. Scope and Delimitation This research covers most are undergraduates of the University of the East. Sixty students will be sharing their opinions and future decisions in starting a family. Significance of the Research The research tries to help the following: The students perceive more of their future about having a family and its responsibilities because it will aspire them to their current situation as a student and for their future. The University of the East – Caloocan achieves one of their main objectives to produce reliable and responsible individual in the future. The professors nourish and enrich their students with values and aspirations on moving forward and every step to take must be anticipated. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Strengthening Fragile Families The rise of fragile families—families that begin when a child is born outside of marriage—is one of the nation’s most vexing social problems. In the first place, these families suffer high poverty rates and poor child outcomes. Even more problematic, the very groups of Americans who traditionally experience poverty, impaired child development, and poor school achievement have the highest rates of non-marital parenthood—thus intensifying the disadvantages faced by these families and extending them into the next generation. Economic Mobility of Families across Generations The study presents that â€Å"Doing better† than one’s parents has long been a key element of the American Dream. Not only can people earn more, but they can move up the ladder compared to others. The story, embedded in our history and our literature, suggests any person can start from humble beginnings and achieves great wealth, or at least reach the middle class. But how are Americans doing today? Are they better off than their own parents were and how much does their eventual success depend on their family background? These questions are answered in this study. Parents working out work For families with children, the employment of parents is vital to address the wellbeing of family members. Increasingly, when we consider parental employment, it is not only fathers’ employment that is of concern, but also mothers’. How parents work out work applies both to those families with two parents in the workforce and those with a single parent working. This facts sheet presents statistical information about trends in parents’ engagement in paid work, examining mothers’ and fathers’ employment patterns. We provide detailed information about jobless families. Further, the ways in which families manage their work and care responsibilities is analysed, through presentation of statistics on their use of child care, paid parental and other leave, and other working arrangements. Family working together: getting the Balance right The National Families Week theme for 2013 draws attention to the sometimes difficult task of achieving balance in our lives. Achieving balance can be helped by working together in our immediate and extended families, as well as with friends, neighbours and the wider community. One of the pressing challenges today is finding the balance between the hours spent in paid work and the time spent with family and friends, in community activities, and looking after our own health and wellbeing. This facts sheet highlights some of the ways in which such time commitments vary over the life course, and how families manage these and other competing demands on their time. Families make all the difference: helping kids to grow and learn This Facts Sheet has been prepared for the 2012 National Families Week, with this year’s theme being â€Å"Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn†. It provides a range of information on ways in which families nurture and support children’s physical, learning and social emotional development. Helping children to grow and learn occurs within families in very many ways, from providing a safe and nurturing home environment, through being involved in children’s learning activities at school, home and elsewhere, and giving children the input and direction they need to grow up with the social and emotional capabilities to tackle everyday life. We will explore this here by looking at children’s physical, learning and social-emotional development CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research setting and respondents The respondents of this study are undergraduates of the University of the East. There are sixty respondents included in the study. Research method The researchers used the descriptive method that is design for the researchers to gather information about presenting existing condition. Therefore, it defines as collection of data in order to test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the status of the subject of the study. The researchers make a survey questionnaire as instrument to gather information needed among the respondents. Data gathering instrument There are one-page survey questionnaire composed with ten questions regarding to the information needed to the study. The questions that gather information about the opinions and expectations in having a family. Family life includes the size, authority, residence, and responsibility. It’s more on an expectations or reference in seeing their life in near future. Data gathering and procedure The researchers formulate questions for the survey questionnaires for the answers needed in the study. The survey questionnaires are hand out to the respondents. Then, the respondents answer the survey questionnaires related to their opinion, knowledge, and future references. The survey questionnaires will be collect for the preparation of the analysis and results. CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Quantitative Result The researchers tabulate the data gathered and present the results in graphical form. The respondents’ answers shown in the following figures each have their own interpretation and analysis. Figure 1. Number of respondents planning on having a family From Figure 1, 60 of the respondents plan on having a family said yes and no one said no. Figure 2. Age on having a family From Figure 2, 33 of the respondents said they plan to have a family at age of 20-24 years old, 18 said at age of 25-29 years old, 7 said at age of 30-34 years old, 2 said at age of 35-39 years old, and no one said at age of 40 years old and above. Figure 3. Number of respondents planning on the number of child/children From Figure 3, 15 of the respondents said they plan to have one child, 27 said two children, 11 said three children, 5 said four children, and 2 said five or more children, and no one said they do not plan to have a child. Figure 4. Numbers of respondents are aware of the responsibilities in having children From Figure 4, 60 of the respondents said yes for their awareness of responsibility in having children and no one said no. Figure 5. Location of the residence of their family From Figure 5, 48 of the respondents said they will have their own house for their own family, and 12 said they will reside to their family residence. Figure 6. Head of the household From Figure 6, 32 of the respondents the father will be the head of the household, 7 said the mother, and 21 said both. Figure 7. Number of respondents giving up their career From Figure 7, 45 of the respondents said yes to give up their career in taking care of their family, and 15 said no. Figure 8. Comparing the current family to their ideal family From Figure 8, 43 of the respondents said yes to the similarity of their current family to their ideal family, and 17 said no. Figure 9. Factor that triggers the most in having a family From Figure 9, 18 of the respondents said their age triggers in having a family, 21 said marriage, 15 said stable careers or job, and 6 said other factors. Figure 10. Number of respondents in pursuing their ideal family From Figure 10, 60 of the respondents said yes in pursuing their ideal family, and no one said no. Qualitative Result The researchers analyze the answers of the respondents with accordance to their stated opinions and majority of their answers are related and resulted below. In terms of being the head of the household, it is still in practice that the dominant, which is the man, will be the head of the household. However, the as years go by people change along with their practices that woman gain their status as equal of man. Therefore, equality of authority inside the household is in practice although it only follows to the old tradition. In giving up their career, most of the respondents said yes, because they want to be hands-on in taking care of their children and to forge stronger  bonds of their family. However, those people who said no, they think about on financial terms to support their family needs and stability. In having their ideal family different from their inborn family, due to their family structure of having illegitimate kin, separated parents or no bonds formed at all. Their experiences influence their decisions in their ideal family. CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION Summary of findings The research study clearly observed that almost all of the students in the University of the East plan on having a family of their own. Most of the respondents are planning on having their own family at their 20’s. Also, all of them are aware of it’s almost a lifetime responsibility and they are preparing to attain such desirable future. Based on family size, most of the respondents plan to have a small family mainly composed of one or two offspring. In a matter of authority in the household, it’s divided into two opinions: the father being the head is the majority followed by being equal of authority both of the mother and the father. Based on the residence most of them plan to have their own home to reside their family to start anew. Conclusion Based on the findings, the researchers conclude the following: The students of the University of the East-Caloocan have plans in having a family life. The students are planning their career to gain stability after graduation. In gaining stability triggers to be married and then a family. Family meaning settling down and forging bonds and fulfillment as a person. In addition, all of them want to have their own children. Because having an offspring is the form of stronger connection and completes the family as a whole. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://undesadspd.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=LJsVbHQC7Ss%3D&tabid=282 http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2007/11/generations-isaacs http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2010/10/27-fragile-families-foc http://www.ehow.com/facts_5287046_objectives-family-planning.html http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/factssheets/

Ann Taylor External Analysis

How is the industry structured? The industry could be defined a specialty retailer chain store which concentrates to a certain type of customer or carries certain type of goods. Sectors Discounted mass merchandisers: big chains , Multitier department stores: offering a large variety of goods, including clothing. Specialty store chains: those catering to a certain type of customer or carrying a certain type of good.Market Size and Growth The National Retail Federation reported that the retail niches showing the greater growth were department stores, stores catering to the teenage children of baby boomers, and apparel chains aimed to women over 35. The industry retail industry is big but the specialty retailer is small. $45. 9 billion of total $108. 7 billion women’s clothing purchases in 2009. Major firms are reporting down sales during the past quarters. Economic of Scale Fouth firms dominated the industry, which indicate that large firms have an advantage and economic of scal es are present.To enjoy economic of scales specialty retail stores create use brand extension to appeal to different segments (production) ad brand expansion (marketing) Vertical Integration Some of the bigger fashion companies are vertically integrated with their line of production so as to be able to shorten production cycle and be able to adapt to the current demand as well as customer satisfaction. Integrated manufacturing, distribution and retail together, with every step of the process done in-house and not replying on outsourcing. From designing and marketing, fabric storage to warehouse distribution and retail,Degree of Product Differentiation Unlike department stores that sell many different types of products for many types of customers, specialty retailers focus on one type of product item and offer many varieties of that item. Always looking for new segments which can create a branding problem. The product differentiation is low because the product can be produce by other firms. Companies need to compete in price. These dominant economic traits indicate that the structure of this industry is difficult to earn a positive income because is a small industry segment and is dominated by large firms.What kinds of competitive forces are at work? Threat of new entrants – low * Is easy to enter in the retail industry but hard in specialty retail. Majority of stores are chain stores. Their vertical structure and centralized buying gives chain stores a competitive advantage over independent retailers. If a company has a patent for a product is difficult to enter to the industry. Bargaining power of buyers – moderate * The industry sells directly to customers, consumes are free to shop anywhere but there a few alternatives. This makes the industry more attractive.Bargaining power of suppliers – low * Specialty retail stores are segmented and suppliers can influence price, quality, and terms. Is a small part of a whole industry, if supplies decided that the segment does not represent a significant fraction of its sales they can exert power. Apparel stores are known to have a higher quality standard, if suppliers don’t meet this standard they could get dropped from their line. Threat of substitutes – low * Clothing is common known as the basic need for human life. It is a kind of necessity and is hard to find substitutes to replace the function.Basically, apparel products are no major different in nature, but the main differentiation may come from the brands. So, the treat of substitutes seems not an important factor. Intensity of rivalry – high * There are a lot of brands existing in the market. They try to differentiate themselves in order to find their niche and decrease competition, but nonetheless in every niche there are 3-5 direct competitors of different size, but in some locations there are only 1-2 firms and so these locations are quite attractive to the new entrants.Competition primarily based on the customer image that firm created and quality, price is the second thing. E-commerce also forces competition because it seriously increases availability of the product in any location. Value-Net * Target a celebrity that is known to ware specialty products. Partner with a magazine who target women over 35 but they were luxury clothes. Partner with other high quality products like cars and phones. Is an extreme competitive industry and there are few complements that would provide options to expand the size of the market. What forces are driving change? Luxury fashion spending was up 35 % in 2010, while mainstream fashion gained 8 % overall. +, Great growth of department stores+, 2009 worse holiday season generate a wave of retail closures among many well- known brands. -, 2008 women’s clothes retailer had felt downturn and lost customers and cause shoppers to cut back on purchases. -, Customer had shown a clear preference for select high-end apparel willing to pay a premium on something that delivers luxury+ Spending in valued-oriented stores has been stable- China wages increase were causing inflation in merchandise manufacturing. Over the next few days is going to be rare for specialty apparel retailer to return to its historical level of profitability. – Over all the trends seem to be negative making the industry more comperative. 4. Which rivals are strongly positioned and which are not? What strategic moves are rivals likely to make next? Ann Taylor ANN History: Since 1954, Ann Taylor has been the wardrobe source for busy, socially upscale women, and the classic basic black dress. , Contained two division segments: AT and LOFT, In 1998 Ann Taylor created the Ann Taylor Factory, 2000 online store was launched.Goals: improving profitability while enhancing both brands. Restoring performance at the Ann Taylor division and. Restoring the momentum at LOFT. Performance: the stock responded with new highs, moving to a peak of over $40 in late 2006, but the stock price retreated in 2007 and 2008. At the end of 2010 the 4th quarter results indicated sales had jumped 10 % from 2009 and although gross margins fell to 51. 7 % from 52. 5 a year early earning per share had nearly quadrupled.Has suffer manager turnover Next Move: increase traffic to the Ann Taylor brand and future enhancing the brand experience. Improving the LOFT brand stores channel and continue to capitalize on the potencial o the online and outlet channels. Investing in the growth of ecommerce channel. Renovating stores to increase productivity. Implement technology for inventory Talbot TLB History: Acquired J. Jill group in 2006 – specialty retailer offering casual fashion through multichannel targeting women age 35 to 55 and Talbot targeting women age 45 to 65.Decided to sell J. Jill in 2009 in the wake of retailing’s â€Å"abysmal holiday season† They have problems integrating both firms They we suffering with inventory that was too â€Å"mature† Goals: Brand s target high-income, college educated professional over 35. Performance: Sales dropped in 2010 by 1. 6 percent, but online and direct sales had increase 9. 8 to 6. 7. CEO was expending that the web channels would spark growth. Inventory turnover 4. 87 and operating margin -1. 31 Next Move: Implement technology for inventory.Open new channels for distribution. Target a different niche 6. What are the key factors for future success? The critical requirements to compete in this industry are: * Maintain quality in merchandise mix: Requires right product mix, And also increase the inventory turnover ratio, Requires to stay up with fashion trends * Remarkable customer service: Quick response to customers, And pay extra attention to customers’ needs * Control inventory: Keep merchandise in 3 price lines budget, off price and moderate.Create a computer system to maintain control of inventory and improve productivity * Marketing: Established a r ecognized brand. Explore different niches markets Create different distribution channels 7. Is the industry attractive? In conclusion the retail industry is lack of substitutes, easy to entry, the bargain power of buyers is high and for suppliers relatively low. Overall, the attractiveness of the industry is quite favorable. | Local/regional| National/global| New entrant| yes| yes| Established firm| yes| yes|